Bicycle Queensland CEO Professor Matt Burke and Acting Chair Miles Vass have met with Queensland Transport Minister Brent Mickelberg to discuss the state’s approach to active transport, with a focus on policy settings, project priorities and delivery processes.
Speaking after the meeting, Prof. Burke said the discussion was constructive, partly thanks to the good work of the State Government in late 2025 clamping down on unsafe e-motorbikes, and in setting up a new active transport advisory group to improve communications with the Department of Transport and Main Roads.
Policy
In terms of policy priorities, Miles informed the Minister that road safety was the key advocacy and policy priority for Bicycle Queensland this year. The main topic then discussed was the current inquiry into e-mobility, which will be reporting in March. While the Minister must wait until the findings are handed down, Prof. Burke re-iterated that Bicycle Queensland is well-placed to help, where appropriate, on the messaging around of any upcoming changes or with education or training that may be required.
For members and followers, a reminder that BQ has consistently promoted the benefits of compliant e-bikes and the use of e-scooters within current legislation.
‘We’ve been fighting to keep legal e-bike riding safe and secure, to preserve that part of the industry,’ Prof. Burke confirmed. ‘I did thank the Minister for the clamping down on the retailers, and use of illegal motorbikes in Queensland – many shops stopped selling these products.’
Projects
The main infrastructure project discussed was the Logan Faster Rail continuous active transport corridor. As covered last year, the promised continuous bike way along the length of the rail upgrade has been split into disconnected parts. The Minister was surprised to hear that the project team had done no advertising of the bikeway deletion to either the broader bike community or the local community.
‘There’s almost no chance to get the section north from Compton Road to Kuraby re-instated,’ Professor Burke reported. ‘It’s decreasingly likely that we’ll get the all important section from Kingston to Woodridge station re-instated. But the Minister is willing to find something better than what is there at present.’
The Minister suggested there may be a solution that is ‘80% as good’ and BQ are very keen to explore that. The current proposal to rely on the out-of-date bike lanes on Jacaranda Avenue is untenable. TMR run their own heavy vehicle driver training and testing along that route. The bikeway should be how hundreds of school children get to the four schools on or just off the corridor there. They can’t mix with trucks.
‘We’ll keep the pressure on for this project. We’ll work with the Logan Bicycle User Group on options. We’ll alert the local community that the bikeway was deleted. We’ll build support for the bikeway – again’ Prof. Burke confirmed.
Procedures
The Minister has set up a new Queensland Active Transport and Advisory Group (ATAG), replacing the old cycling committee.
‘The previous committee hardly ever met, and had very little input. I was on it whilst at Griffith University,’ confirmed Prof. Burke. ‘We need this new entity to meet more often and to prioritise two-way communication.’
‘I’ve been on a number of committees with TMR over the years. The best use workshops to help formulate policy options and project directions in the Department, whether that’s to change design guidance, change funding rules, test out new innovations, or more.’
Here at BQ we get a sense the Minister is listening and engaged, but that bicycle funding is unlikely to increase in the near future. He and the Queensland Government have both said they will listen to the community. However, there is still much to fight for – and we will have more news in that space shortly, including how you can get involved.
Bicycle Queensland has reached out to Brisbane City Council about a funded active transport project in Aspley in Brisbane’s north. $5 million in State Government funding was provided to Brisbane City Council in June 2024, but construction has yet to begin.
The Aspley link goes from Beams Road to Cabbage Tree Creek. It will allow you to ride up and beside the Beams Road overpass, avoiding the dangerous road crossing underneath. It serves a number of transport functions, providing safer access Aspley State High School and to Carseldine rail station.
Yesterday, Queensland’s Shadow Transport Minister Bart Mellish effectively posed two important questions: Where did the funding go? When will the project proceed? Both the local community and the bicycle community deserve answers to these questions.
Late Friday our CEO, Matthew Burke, received assurances from the Lord Mayor’s office that Council still wants to build the bikeway.
It may take us a bit more time to get a fuller picture on the funding agreement and the timing for delivery. We’ll engage with Council and others over the coming weeks and will let the large Northern Brisbane cycling community know more when we have a clear picture.
Through June 2025, Brisbane City Council engaged with the local community regarding intersection improvements around Milton Road, Croydon Street and Sylvan Road. This section is a highly trafficked corridor for bike riders – and there was strong community support for separated bikeways and footpaths, along with slower speeds. The community also supports reduced parking, with the provision of wider footpaths and street trees to create a better street experience.
“Bicycle Queensland is pleased the Sylvan Road bikeway is a bit closer to reality. It’s this road that has long been the unsafe ‘missing link’ between the Western Freeway Bikeway and the Bicentennial Bikeway putting thousands of cyclists at risk every week,” said Bicycle Queensland CEO Professor Matt Burke.
“The good news is the community is extremely positive about putting protected bike lanes down Sylvan Road. The number one thing people want is “separated facilities”. This is no surprise to the cycling community of course: real safety improvements should have happened here decades ago.”
“Bicycle Queensland has been campaigning for this link for more than two decades. Studies have been completed. The value of the project has been established. It’s not expensive and funds are available. The community is now clearly on board. Let’s just get it done!”
Council is promising to now produce concept designs and Bicycle Queensland expects to be engaged with these proposals in the coming months. Early works (pre-construction) are slated for mid-year. The full bikeway should open by 2028.
“Thanks to all our members and supporters who have helped with this campaign. Thanks to the great folks at Brisbane West Bicycle User Group, and Space for Cycling Brisbane, and the other groups that have been part of this fight. Thanks to everyone in the community who engaged with Council during their consultation period. We’ll organise a party if this link finally opens.”
Let the State and Federal Government know you want the Logan Faster Rail Active Transport Corridor reinstated.
The project team involved in designing and building the Logan and Gold Coast Faster Rail project have dumped two key sections of bikeway from the long-promised continuous Active Transport Corridor that was part of the project. We need your help to get a continuous, safe, cycling route reinstated.
Long bikeways are rare in South East Queensland. The Logan Faster Rail Active Transport Corridor was to be three times longer than Ipswich Road in Brisbane, providing a safe riding corridor all the way from Kuraby to Beenleigh.
Transport and Main Roads were relying on it for their own Brisbane to Gold Coast Cycle Tourism Route. Logan City was relying on it for their Logan Bicycle Network.
Reference to the “continuous active transport corridor” has now been scrubbed from the project website. Despite this, Transport and Main Roads is not consulting the public about this important change.
The Logan Bicycle User Group and Bicycle Queensland briefed six weeks after first asking for information. We were informed that instead of a continuous route, the section paralleling Jacaranda Ave between Woodridge and Kingston Stations was to be axed. So was the section from Compton Road north to Kuraby Station. That is despite the land being purchased for the Active Transport Corridor already.
Our highest priority is reinstating the Woodridge to Kingston section. This would deliver most of the continuous bikeway initially promised. It is also the section that directly services four important schools with 4,000 students: Kingston State School, Groves Christian College, and Kingston State College, all just off the rail corridor, and Loganlea State High School that is smack bang on the corridor south of Kingston Station.
But really, the whole Active Transport Corridor should be immediately reinstated. Both the Queensland and Commonwealth Governments have promised that whenever they build large transport projects, that they will include active transport as a key part of the project. This decision breaks that promise by both levels of Government. It was the then Transport Minister Anthony Albanese who brought this “positive provision” policy in at Commonwealth level.
It makes sense: bicycle routes are needed to help people access the stations along the corridor, if we don’t build them as part of the project it is way more expensive to build it later.
WHAT YOU CAN DO
If you want to ride safely from Brisbane to the Gold Coast, or live down near Woodridge and Kingston, please act now:
Write, call or email your local State Member of Parliament and ask them to raise the issue directly, via the details available here.
State MPs in the area are Melissa McMahon (MP for Macalister, email macalister@parliament.qld.gov.au), James Martin (MP for Stretton, email Stretton@parliament.qld.gov.au), the Hon Cameron Dick (MP for Woodridge, email Woodridge@parliament.qld.gov.au) and the Hon Shannon Fentiman (MP for Waterford, email: Waterford@parliament.qld.gov.au). (All of these are Labor MPs, if that assists in shaping your message).
Write, call or email your local Federal Member of Parliament to ask them to reinstate the Active Transport Corridor – that the Commonwealth also agreed to fund: for details click here.
Federal MPs in the area are Julie-Ann Campbell (MP for Moreton, Julie-Ann.Campbell.MP@aph.gov.au), Rowan Holzberger (MP for Forde email: Rowan.Holzberger.MP@aph.gov.au, and the Hon Jim Chalmers (MP for Rankin, email: jim.chalmers.mp@aph.gov.au). (Again, these are all Labor MPs, but in this case it is a Labor Federal Government which is part-funding this project).
ANYTHING ELSE
If you have children or grand-children at Kingston State School, Groves Christian College, Kingston State College, or Loganlea State High School, please contact your local Parents & Citizens Association, and ask them to fight for the bikeway.
As the project team has decided not to consult the public about the removal of the bikeway corridor, there is no firm deadline to get your submission in. But the project will soon move from the design phase into construction. Then it will be too late.
They’ve bought the land already. Let’s get the Active Transport Corridor built.
Please act fast! It can’t wait until after Christmas.
Bicycle Queensland is happy to share the news that Toowoomba Regional Council have endorsed a plan by the Department of Transport and Main Roads (TMR) to connect the Toowoomba CBD with the Highfields bikeway project, creating a north-south active transport link through Toowoomba.
BQ and Toowoomba Region Bicycle User Group have been involved in the planning for this vital link into Toowoomba’s CBD, so we are delighted to see Toowoomba Council endorse the plan.
“The vision for the Toowoomba Central Active Transport Link Project is to deliver safe, connected and convenient pathways and crossings that make walking and cycling easier and more appealing, helping to reduce reliance on vehicles in Toowoomba’s northern suburbs,” said Toowoomba Regional Council spokesperson Councillor Trevor Manteufel.
“The proposed concept plan has been developed by TMR for 5.5 kilometres of paths and safe road crossings to connect the East Creek Cycleway at Margaret Street in Toowoomba’s CBD, to the Highfields Bikeway at the John French VC Bridge on the New England Highway via TRC’s proposed Railway Parklands Precinct,” Cr Manteufel said.
But the next key phase is for the project to attract funding from the State and Federal Governments. Council can be assured that the bike riding community is 100% behind them on this one!
Bicycle Queensland celebrated a big 2025 with partners, members, advocates and stakeholders in Brisbane last night. The end of year function was held at the Queensland Parliament. The Hon. Brent Mickelberg, Queensland’s Minister for Transport and Main Roads, and the Hon. Bart Mellish, the Shadow Minister, both spoke at the event. This recognises the importance of cycling for government and how BQ is helping more Queenslanders to get out bike riding.
The Chair of BQ, the Hon. Rachel Nolan, was there. So was the Hon. Mark Bailey – who also previously held the transport portfolio in state government. Other guests ranged from bicycle retailers, members of Bicycle User Groups, other MPs, local councillors, bicycle bureaucrats, organisations that have partnered with us on our advocacy, and members of the BQ board.
The past 12 months saw BQ jumping back into events, expanding our regional advocacy, campaigning on e-mobility, and appointing a new CEO in Matthew Burke. The evening presented an opportunity to not just reflect on 2025, but to look forward. As Chair Rachel Nolan noted:
‘We’re an organisation of a huge network of friends and fellow travellers. We are about bikes, obviously, but we are also about bikes and active transport more broadly. And I think bikes are the best mechanism to change the fundamental nature of the world we live in.’
‘What we envisage at BQ is … at its simplest, a transport system where [providing for and using bikes] is a mainstream idea. Not a transport system in which that’s an add on. We want cities, in some way like they used to be – where kids can ride to school, where it is safe and nobody really gives that a second thought.’
Minister Brent Mickelberg spoke about the recent wins and the challenges in the transport space, and the opportunities for local governments right now:
‘This week we were pleased to announce our new Active Transport Grants program, unifying the local government cycling and walking grant programs into a single streamlined program, to represent fresh ways to work with local councils… in a more flexible model.’
He also noted the importance of Brisbane 2032 and its relevance for visitors as well as for residents during the Games and beyond.
‘We want to support and encourage active travel as it relates to 2032, it’s really important to maximise those opportunities for residents and visitors to walk and to ride to Games but also to other key destinations across the state. It’s a catalyst for us to invest in communities. Active transport is a big part of where we need to go. Active transport corridors will be important for 2032 but will also provide a legacy for active transport post 2032 – that’s a key priority for the government.’
BQ was especially pleased that the Minister noted the importance of creating bike and micromobility parking as an essential feature to encourage and support active transport for the Games. Most members will be aware there is negligible bike parking at most Queensland stadiums.
Shadow Minister Bart Mellish spoke about the impact that Bicycle Queensland and Bicycle User Groups have not just on developing cycling communities, but also their advocacy for safe cycling:
‘I also want to acknowledge the input Bicycle Queensland has had into the inquiry into e-mobility; both Matt and Rachel have been engaging in a very positive way, which I really appreciate. This is a really important thing for governments to get right.’
Mellish also discussed how the 2032 opportunity is such an important thing to get right, looking to the recent examples and success of Paris, with how their investment in infrastructure saw such a dramatic mode shift not just for the Games, but as an ongoing transport choice.
Our CEO Matthew Burke addressed guests celebrating recent wins for cycling, such as the new active transport links on the Coomera Connector on the Gold Coast. He noted BQ had written to TMR’s Nerang Office to congratulate them on that work. At the same time, he noted TMR’s rail branch had deleted a key part of the funded active transport corridor between Woodridge and Kingston on the Faster Rail project. BQ will be trying to get this reinstated.
He also noted the success of this year’s Weekend at Wondaievent and that we are going to repeat the same event format, with minor improvements, in a new Weekend at Pomona in 2026. BQ will also be doing a “Hallowheeling” family ride as part of a road safety campaign around Halloween, when many US children are killed and injured each year.
Inaugural BQ Awards
Matt took the opportunity to make three Bicycle Queensland awards for major achievements for individual bicycle advocacy, for leadership and for community project achievement, as judged by BQ staff. In 2026, we aim to open these awards to formal nominations from our members in a broader, open process.
Excellence in Individual Advocacy: Kathryn Good
Kathryn helped lead the Story Bridge Active Travel Alliance and its Bike Bus, a project that created a safe crossing of Brisbane’s Story Bridge after the shared paths on either side were closed by the Brisbane City Council. The advocacy helped bring forward Council’s actions to fix and re-open this important part of the bike network, in a shorter timeline than many had expected. Kathryn is also part of Pedal Party – a group that organises fun and inclusive mass rides in Brisbane, including an upcoming night-time ‘glow ride’ in January. She noted:
‘It’s critical now more than ever, that we keep engaging with our local representatives at every level of government. They have so much power over our everyday lives in this city when it comes to transport infrastructure.’
Excellence in Leadership: Councillor Peter Mitchell
With his team at Redlands City Council, Cr Peter Mitchell has delivered a more connected and inclusive network of active transport pathways and riding facilities through the Redlands Coast Active Transport Strategy. He helped revitalise Council’s active transport committee, engaging with local cyclists. He also helped bring cycling to greater importance within the Local Government Association of Queensland (LGAQ), hosting their first forum on cycling earlier this year. Peter said:
‘People who are riding or walking are problem solvers. We’re solving problems with the environment; we’re solving problems in the economy; and, we are solving problems with transportation. We’re not beggars. We are part of the solution and all of the data supports that.’
Excellence in Community Project Achievement: Mike and Margie Browne, Pioneer Valley Rail Trail
Establishing a rail trail is an exhausting process, working with the (very good) Rail Corridor Management team at TMR, local government and other partners. It takes a lot of paperwork and a lot of late nights for the volunteers who take it on. Though others started the journey towards getting the Pioneer Valley Rail Trail established, it was Mike and Margie Browne who led the group that has now made the first 7km section a reality. With other trail development happening in Eungella, there is the potential for the valley to become a world-class cycle tourism destination. On receiving the award, Mike Browne said:
‘The Pioneer Valley Rail Trail is now a permanent fixture in the Pioneer Valley and the Mackay area – it just needed someone to build it so they would come. We’ve got buy-in now from all levels of government… and we really appreciate the support of Bicycle Queensland and everyone here.’
Beyond the awards and speeches, the evening offered the chance for stakeholders, partners and advocates to connect, discuss projects and engage with policy makers. At Bicycle Queensland we would like to say thank you to every one of our members for being with us in 2025. We hope to achieve more for you, our members and supporters, in 2026.
The Queensland Government has today opened applications for its Active Transport Grants Program, offering up to $15 million for councils to plan and deliver new walking and bike-riding infrastructure in the 2026–27 financial year, via a co-contribution model.
Only $6.5 million was spent under this program last round. We strongly encourage local governments to apply, including those in the regions and Aboriginal Land Councils. Many small councils received funding last year.
The program is designed to support projects that make walking and riding safer and more accessible, including upgrades around schools, hospitals, public transport hubs and other key destinations. It also aligns with government ambitions for the 2032 Olympic and Paralympic Games, where they are hoping to achieve transport legacy.
The announcement merges previous separate walking and cycling funding streams into a single program, which the Government says will reduce red tape and make it easier for councils to apply. Projects are expected to be funded on a 50:50 basis with local governments.
Bicycle Queensland welcomes continued state government co-investment in active transport infrastructure with local government. But we recognise that the scale of funding is nowhere near the share of trips already made by walking and cycling across Queensland’s transport networks.
Bicycle Queensland CEO Prof Burke said: “It’s great to see this Transport and Main Roads program funded again for 2026-27, to help councils deliver important bikeways, shared paths and crossings. It’s a chance of many councils, including some of our smallest regional councils, to plan, design or build new bikeways in their area.”
A small change to the program could make quite a difference. There are so many council bike paths, bike lanes and crossings in Queensland neighbourhoods that need fixing. The poorest local governments in Queensland, those out in the regions, have very little revenue and can struggle to put up the 50% of the funding required for this scheme.
Prof Burke said: “We ask that the LNP Government consider the regions here, by raising the share of state government funding for our smallest councils under this scheme, beyond the 50/50 rate. We’ve already seen the tourism impacts walking and cycling improvements are having in Winton, in Fernvale and Kilkivan. It can transform a town.”
Prof Burke also noted: “Whilst this funding is welcomed, some existing Transport and Main Roads commitments to bikeways are being postponed or cut entirely. We are especially concerned about a bikeway link already funded from Woodridge to Kingston, being built as part of the Faster Rail project down there. It’s just been cut, without public consultation, and we want it reinstated immediately.”
The Queensland Government has repeatedly highlighted the importance of active transport – including reducing emissions, supporting healthier communities, and relieving pressure on the road network as population grows. Bicycle Queensland strongly agrees with these goals, but remains concerned that smaller, project-based funding will not be enough to create region-wide networks that are continuous, separated, and designed for real-world travel patterns.
The real opportunity: connected networks and mode shift
Bicycle Queensland held 25 regional forums across the state in 2025, all the way from Far North Queensland down to Warwick, listening to what cyclists want.
safer separated bikeways
safer intersections
better school and commuting links
safe places for e-bike and e-scooter use
Yet at current funding levels, Queensland risks only incremental improvements rather than the transformative change required to shift everyday travel behaviour.
Investment at scale would help:
cut congestion,
reduce household transport costs,
support public health,
reduce emissions, and
ensure children and families can travel safely by bike or on foot.
When I first arrived as the new CEO of Bicycle Queensland one of the first things members started asking me was “What are you going to campaign on?”.
Let me try to put down some thinking about what the sorts of things the organisation could consider as we seek to get pro-active with our campaigning.
A STAGE-ONE QUEENSLAND CYCLE NETWORK
I was once a ‘bicycle bureaucrat’ working for what was then Queensland Transport, the department that later merged with Main Roads. As part of my role there I helped birth the first Queensland Cycle Strategy in 2005. The fact that I was on that desk and doing that job was only possible due to the hard campaigning work of Bicycle Queensland in the decade prior. BQ managed to get a commitment from then State Opposition Leader Peter Beattie for three things:
1) a state cycle strategy; 2) a set of plans that later became the Principal Cycle Network Plan for SEQ; 3) a ‘positive provision policy’ that made adding bikeways to big state-funded urban transport projects business-as-usual (and not ‘gold-plating’).
We can thank my predecessors at BQ for this great achievement, as it is through these changes that we’ve achieved much of what has since happened. That said, the implicit promise back in the early 2000s was that, though it would take time, in thirty years or so a ‘stage-one’ Queensland Cycle Network would emerge. We’d have the trunk network formed that would provide a low-risk route within a couple of kilometres of most people in South East Queensland. And as we brought the same planning processes in up North and in Toowoomba, in the main regional cities as well.
It’s been twenty years now since I helped launch that first strategy.
No-one could put their hand on their heart and say honestly that we are going to have a stage-one Queensland Cycle Network in place without a major step-change in our rate of investment. We’ve fallen off the pace that is needed to bring this into being.
BRISBANE 2032
Which brings us to the Games. Everyone is talking about the 2032 Olympic and Paralympic Games and how it is meant to re-shape Brisbane and the South-East. The Games were pitched to the residents of SEQ by its proponents as a way to bring-forward major infrastructure investment in the region. That’s why the Council-of-Mayors and the State Government bid. The 2032 Games should create a great legacy for our host cities, including the Sunshine and Gold Coasts. Alas, so far I am not aware of even one kilometre or other active transport infrastructure committed and funded. Not one!
WHAT DID OTHER OLYMPIC CITIES DO IN TERMS OF TRANSPORT LEGACY?
Athens 2004 is perhaps the poster child for what not to do. They built a new airport, 140km of new roads including a big motorway to the Olympic precinct, a massive metro expansion and new light rail systems. All great, but really, really expensive, for a city with a similar population to SEQ in population terms. All that expense helped bankrupt the Greek economy when the global financial crisis hit in 2008. Traffic congestion continued to rise in Athens.
Brisbane should not follow their lead.
BRIGHTER TARGETS
By contrast, Paris 2024 was fantastic in terms of the transportation improvements made in the city. The centrepiece was 70km of new cycle routes in Paris itself, and another 35km of bikeways and safe routes in Seine-Saint-Denis. Often painted bright pink, and labelled ‘Olympistes’ these new routes dramatically increased cycling accessibility across the city and into key destinations. Most of the bike routes were long-planned for and were languishing on paper in the Paris and Ile-de-France cycle network plans (just like the many routes on the SEQ Principal Cycle Network Plan!). The 2024 Games took them off-the-page, through planning and design, and into reality. Of course, bikeways are relatively cheap and the bikeways cost way less than what was done in Athens.
SEQ could go a long way to completing a stage-one cycle network if it were to follow the Paris approach.
Similarly, Paris changed their entire city’s culture about how you get to a sports event, or major event. Let me ask, can you park your bike to a proper bike rack at the Gabba for a Lions home game in Brisbane? No, you can’t. Paris used to be similar. But a massive 13,000 bicycle parking places were planned and developed around their city’s Olympic venues.
Managed bike parking (which we might call ‘valet’ parking, but it was far more rudimentary) was introduced to deal with the numbers of cyclists arriving. That has produced a long-term change in behaviour. It is now customary for a significant percentage of Parisians to cycle to major events, whether that be stadium concerts, sporting events or more. It also freed up their bus and metro system to carry other passengers, as many short distance travellers came on the city’s share bike system (Velib) or their own private bike. In Paris it’s now expected that you will be able to ride and park your bike safely when you arrive at a stadium. We have a long way to go to produce this culture in Queensland.
30KM/H DEFAULT STREET SPEEDS
The other change Paris made in the last two decades was to dramatically reduce their default street speeds in the suburbs. If you’ve been in the outer suburbs in Paris, it actually doesn’t look that different to the new squashed-up-suburbia you see on the fringes of Queensland cities. But lots of kids ride bikes to school, grannies ride bikes to the shops, lots of people ride to the local railway station. They do it on-road. Why? Because most of Western Europe (and the UK, and East Asia, and Canada, and even Washington D.C.) have moved to either 30km/h or 20miles/h (32km/h) as their default street speed in small local streets.
Bikes and cars travel at similar speeds. Everyone can see dangers ahead and react in time at 30km/h. Survivability of a crash at that speed is extremely high. This change has been central to the rise in cycling seen in London and Paris in the last decade. Australia now has the highest default street speeds left in the OECD, alongside Qatar and Saudi Arabia.
TRAILS
Another area where Australia historically had a lead, but where we are starting to fall behind, is in provisions of trails for gravel riding, mountain biking and children’s BMX riding. Many US states, like Utah, and smaller nations often have state or national trail networks, and strategic plans to build them further out over time. That includes trails in and around the cities and towns (what we might call local trails for local kids) and longer routes that connect up off-road opportunities. This is something we haven’t yet done well in Queensland.
So, I hope that helps members and supporters understand some of the likely directions for advocacy here at BQ in the coming years. You’ll hear more about this as we get going. Expect a major campaign that will bring some of these ideas together.
